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Grape
Year-Round IPM Program for Wine and Raisin Grapes
(Reviewed
6/06, updated 10/08)
These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that
reduces water quality problems related to pesticide use. Links take you
to information on how to monitor, forms to use, and management practices.
Track your progress through the year with the annual
checklist form.
Water quality becomes impaired when pesticides move off-site and into
water. Each time a pesticide application is considered, review the Pesticide
Application Checklist at
the bottom of this page for information on how to minimize water quality
problems.
Note: This program covers the major pests of wine and raisin grapes only;
information on additional pests and pests of table grapes is included in
the Table Grape Year-Round IPM Program and the Grape
Pest Management Guideline.
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Delayed-dormant period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
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On a warm day, monitor
vines and spurs for:
- Mealybugs
- Ants associated with mealybugs and European fruit lecanium
scale
- Orange overwintering spider mites
- Cutworm
Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
Treat1 if needed according to the PMGs. |
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In coastal areas, check orange tortrix pheromone traps that were put up during
the dormant period.
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Just before budbreak, put up omnivorous
leafroller pheromone traps.
- Check traps twice weekly until a biofix date is established; thereafter,
check traps weekly.
- Keep records (example monitoring
form.
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If sharpshooters
are a problem in your area, set out sticky traps
just before budbreak for:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and
landscape areas:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring
form—. |
Keep records of other pests or
pest damage you may see.
- Rodents
- Branch and twig borer
- Click beetles
- Bud beetles
- Eutypa
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Budbreak period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
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On a warm day, monitor vines and spurs for:
- Mealybugs
- Ants associated with mealybugs and European fruit lecanium
scale
- Orange overwintering spider mites
- Cutworm
- Thrips
Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
Treat1 if needed according to the PMGs. |
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Check pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix
in coastal areas
Keep records (example monitoring
form—. |
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Monitor leaf wetness. Track powdery
mildew ascospore release and mildew risk index.
- Treat1 if needed according to PMG.
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Consider treating1 for phomopsis cane and leaf spot if rain continues
after budbreak. |
| Remove vines that have spring symptoms of Pierce's
disease. |
Check sticky traps for sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape
areas check for:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring
form. |
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Rapid shoot growth period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
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Look for thrips if cold
weather persists. |
| Look for spider mites
and their natural enemies weekly on emerging
leaves. Map areas of concern for bloom monitoring. |
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Monitor leafhoppers weekly, starting
a month after budbreak or whenever first nymphs appear.
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Continue checking pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix in coastal areas
Keep records (example monitoring
form—. |
In southern San Joaquin Valley, put up vine
mealybug pheromone traps around April 1 and check every two weeks.
- If males are caught or honeydew, sooty mold, or ants are found,
look for female infestations on surrounding vines.
- Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
- Treat1 if needed according to PMG.
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Monitor
caterpillars if
they have been a problem in the past:
- Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
- Grape leaffolder
- Orange tortrix (in coastal vineyards)
- Omnivorous leafroller
Map areas of concern for bloom monitoring. |
| If European
fruit lecanium scale has been a problem in the
past, monitor female development on old wood. |
| Manage ants if
mealybugs and scale are a problem. |
Monitor sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape
areas check for:
Change traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring
form |
| Monitor for flagging. If you see a
flag, distinguish between Botrytis shoot blight and branch and twig
borer. |
Monitor leaf wetness. Track powdery
mildew ascospore release and mildew risk index.
- Treat1
if needed according to PMG.
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Survey weeds to plan
a weed management strategy.
- If herbicides1 are used, record your observations (example late-spring
weed survey—in
order to
make pre- and postemergent herbicide selection decisions.
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Keep records of other pests or
pest damage you may see.
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Bloom to veraison period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
Monitor leafhoppers
and spider mites weekly.
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| Monitor for Botrytis and powdery
mildew by inspecting leaves and shoots. |
| If European fruit lecanium scale has
been a problem in the past, monitor for egg hatch to time treatment1. |
Check pheromone traps for:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix in central coast areas
Keep records (example monitoring
form—. |
In areas other than southern San Joaquin valley, put up vine
mealybug pheromone traps. In all areas, check traps every
two weeks.
- If males are caught or honeydew, sooty mold, or ants are found,
look for female infestations on surrounding vines.
- Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
- Treat1
if needed according to PMG.
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Monitor Pseudococcus mealybugs by
looking for honeydew, sooty mold, and ant activity.
- Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
- If you see crawlers, treat1 if needed according to PMG.
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To reduce possible summer rot, Botrytis,
and current leafhoppers,
remove basal leaves or basal lateral shoots beginning around berry
set.
- Time leaf pull before first-generation grape leafhoppers become adults.
- Treat1 for Botrytis prior to rain, if leaves are not removed.
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Monitor
caterpillars if they have been a problem in the past:
- Omnivorous leafroller
- Orange tortrix
- Grape leaffolder
- Western grapeleaf skeletonizer
Keep records (example monitoring
form—. |
Monitor sharpshooters:
- Glassy-winged sharpshooter
In coastal regions near riparian and landscape areas check for:
Change sticky traps weekly. Keep records (example monitoring
form. |
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Keep records of other pests or pest
damage you may see.
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Veraison period activities |
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Harvest period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
| Be aware that high populations of adult leafhoppers may interfere with
hand harvesting. |
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Monitor for grape, obscure, and vine
mealybugs.
- Look for cluster infestations and mark on map.
- Educate harvest crew to flag vine mealybug cluster infestations
for treatment.
Treat1 vine mealybug if needed according
to PMG. |
| If you have vine mealybug, steam sanitize equipment before moving to
an uninfested area of the vineyard. |
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For Pierce’s
disease:
- Flag vines with symptoms for removal.
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| If necessary, continue managing birds with netting or scare devices. |
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Treat1 for Botrytis
prior to any anticipated rain. |
| Sample soil and roots for nematodes; look at roots for galls and phylloxera. |
Monitor for glassy-winged
sharpshooter:
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Postharvest period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
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If necessary, treat1 for vine mealybug immediately
after harvest according
to the PMG. |
| To reduce risk of transferring vine
mealybug, do not place winery pomace in the vineyard; compost pomace
or cover piles securely with clear plastic. |
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Look for symptoms of Pierce’s
disease on vines and flag for removal. |
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Look for European fruit lecanium scales on
leaves. |
| If you desire a cover crop, seed after harvest. |
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Dormant period activities |
| What should you be doing at this time? |
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Apply lime sulfur1 for powdery
mildew in areas other than Madera,
Fresno, and Tulare counties. |
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In coastal areas, set out orange
tortrix pheromone traps by December.
- Check traps twice weekly
until a biofix date is established; thereafter, check traps weekly.
- Keep records (example monitoring
form—.
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If present, treat1 for Phomopsis cane and leaf spot before rainfall. |
| Sample for nematodes in
January or February. |
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Carry out dormant-season sanitation activities.
- Prune late in dormancy after rains to reduce wound infections.
- Destroy prunings of older infested wood to reduce pest sources.
- Remove dried grape clusters on vines and disc weeds and clusters
where orange tortrix or omnivorous leafroller is a problem.
- In vineyards with a history of branch and twig borers, examine
old pruning scars and dead parts of vines for brown frass and wood
dust.
- If you have vine mealybug, steam sanitize equipment before moving
to an uninfested area of the vineyard.
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Survey weeds to plan a weed management
strategy.
- If herbicides1 are used, record
your observations (example late-winter
survey form—in
order to make pre- and postemergent herbicide selection decisions.
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Pesticide application checklist |
When planning for possible pesticide applications in an IPM program,
review and complete this checklist to consider practices that minimize
environmental and efficacy problems.
- Choose a pesticide from the UC IPM Pest Management
Guidelines for the target pest considering:
- Select an alternative chemical or nonchemical treatment
when risk is high.
- Choose sprayers and application procedures that
keep pesticides on target.
- Identify and take special care to protect sensitive
areas (for example, waterways or riparian areas) surrounding your
application site.
- Review and follow label for pesticide handling,
storage, and disposal guidelines.
- Check and follow restricted entry intervals (REI)
and preharvest intervals (PHI).
- After an application is made, record application
date, product used, rate, and location of application. Follow up
to confirm that treatment was effective.
- Consider water
management practices that
reduce pesticide movement off-site:
- Install an irrigation recirculation or storage
and reuse system.
- Use drip rather than sprinkler or flood irrigation.
- Limit irrigation to amount required using
soil moisture monitoring and evapotranspiration (ET).
- Consider vegetative
filter strips or
ditches.
- Redesign inlets into tailwater ditches to
reduce erosion.
- Consider management practices that reduce air quality
problems.
- When possible, choose pesticides that are not in emulsifiable
concentrate (EC) form which release volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). VOCs react with sunlight to form ozone, a major air pollutant.
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