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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Cucurbits
Relative
Toxicities of Pesticides Used in Cucurbits to
Natural Enemies and Honey Bees
(Reviewed 11/05,
updated 6/08)
In this Guideline:
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Cucurbits depend on bees for
successful pollination. In addition, beneficial insects and mites play a key
role in maintaining populations of aphids, leafminers, and spider mites below
economically damaging levels. They also are instrumental in controlling
populations of whiteflies, armyworms, and loopers. Some insecticides and
miticides used in cucurbits are toxic to these beneficials and must be used
with extreme care to minimize destruction of natural enemy populations. To
ensure survival of natural enemies, use Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel,
Javelin, Biobit, etc.) or soft contact chemicals such as soaps and oils in the
early plant stages, if needed, rather than harsh disruptive materials
(pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates). To protect honey bees, do not
use moderate-to-highly toxic materials when the crop is in bloom and bees are
in the field. The following table outlines the general toxicity of cucurbit
pesticides to beneficial organisms.
| Common name (trade name) |
Mode of Action1 |
Selectivity2 (affected groups) |
Predatory Mites3 |
General Predators4 |
Parasites4 |
Honey bees5 |
Duration of impact to natural enemies6 |
| abamectin (Agri-Mek EC) |
6 |
moderate (mites, leafminers) |
M |
L |
M/H |
I7 |
Moderate to predatory mites and affected insects |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.
aizawai
|
11.B1 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.
kurstaki
|
11.B2 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| bifenazate (Acramite) |
25 |
narrow (spider mites) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| bifenthrin (Capture, Brigade) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I-III8 |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) bait |
1A |
narrow (cutworms, army-worms, grasshoppers, etc.) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| carbaryl (Sevin) 4F |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
M/H |
H |
H |
I9 |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) 80 |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
M/H |
H |
H |
I9 |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I10 |
long |
| chlorpyrifos (Lorsban EC) |
1B |
narrow (insects, mites) |
M |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| cryolite (Kryocide) |
9A |
narrow (foliage chewing insects) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short to none |
| cyromazine (Trigard) |
17 |
narrow (leafminers) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| diazinon (WP, EC) |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| diazinon–granular |
1B |
narrow (soil insects) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| dicofol (Kelthane) |
UNC |
narrow (pest mites and mites) |
H |
M |
M |
IV |
long to beneficial mites |
| dimethoate |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
long |
| dinotefuran (Venom) |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
L |
— |
L |
— |
short |
| endosulfan (Thionex) |
2A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
M |
M |
II11 |
moderate |
| esfenvalerate (Asana) |
3 |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
M |
H |
I7 |
moderate |
| imidacloprid (Admire) |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects, beet armyworm, cutworms) |
— |
L |
— |
I12 |
— |
| indoxacarb (Avaunt) |
22 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
— |
L |
L |
III |
moderate |
| malathion (EC) |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
M |
H |
H |
II |
moderate |
| methomyl (Lannate) |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
III |
moderate |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) |
18A |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| oxamyl (Vydate) |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
II11 |
moderate |
| oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox-R) |
1B |
narrow (sucking insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
III |
moderate |
| paraffinic oil (JMS Stylet Oil) |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| permethrin (Ambush bait) |
3 |
narrow (cricket, cutworms, grasshoppers) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| petroleum oil |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
L13 |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| pymetrozine (Fulfill) |
9B |
narrow (aphids, whiteflies) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| rosemary oil (Hexacide) |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
— |
| soaps |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
M |
M |
M |
IV |
short |
| spinetoram (Radiant) |
5 |
narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, scales, leafminers) |
L |
M14 |
L/M |
III |
moderate15 |
| spinosad (Entrust, Success) |
5 |
narrow (caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, scales, leafminers) |
L |
M14 |
L/M |
III |
short to moderate14 |
| spiromesifen (Oberon SC) |
23 |
narrow (psyllids, mites, whiteflies) |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| sulfur |
— |
narrow (mites, thrips) |
L/H |
M/L |
H |
IV |
short |
| thiamethoxam (Actara) |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
—16 |
— |
M |
I |
moderate |
| H |
= |
high |
| M |
= |
moderate |
| L |
= |
low |
| — |
= |
no information |
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| 1 |
Rotate chemicals with a
different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same
mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent
development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group
number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with
chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group
numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. |
| 2 |
Selectivity: broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 3 |
Generally, toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus
occidentalis. Where differences have been
measured in toxicity of the pesticide-resistant strain versus the native strain, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 4 |
Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be
used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends
on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 5 |
Ratings are as follows: I-Do not apply to blooming plants;
II-Apply only during late evening; III-Apply only during late evening, night,
or early morning; and IV-Apply at any time with reasonable safety to bees.
For more information, see How
to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides , Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW591. |
| 6 |
Duration: short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 7 |
If rate is 0.025 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 8 |
If rate is less than 0.04 lb a.i./acre, rating is III; if 0.04 lb a.i./acre, rating is II; if 0.06 lb a.i./acre, rating is I. |
| 9 |
If rate is 1 lb a.i./acre or less, rating is II. |
| 10 |
If rate is 1.5 lb a.i. or less and dilution not greater than 1:19, rating is II. |
| 11 |
If rate is 0.5 lb a.i./acre or less, rating is III. |
| 12 |
If rate is 0.025 lb a.i./acre, rating is II. |
| 13 |
Rating depends on rate used. |
| 14 |
Toxic against some natural enemies (predatory thrips,
syrphid fly and lacewing larvae, beetles) when sprayed and up to 5-7 days after, especially for syrphid fly larvae. |
| 15 |
Residual is moderate if solution is between pH of 7 to 8. |
| 16 |
May cause increase in spider mite populations. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Cucurbits
UC ANR Publication 3445
General Information
Acknowledgements: This table was compiled based on research
data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a
variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database,
and from Flint, M.L. and S.H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural
Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386.
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