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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries
Armored Scales
Scientific names: Oystershell scale: Lepidosaphes ulmi
Greedy scale: Hemiberlesia rapax
California red scale: Aonidiella aurantii
Oleander scale: Aspidiotus nerii
San Jose scale: Diaspidiotus (=Quadraspidiotus) perniciosus
(Reviewed 1/04,
updated 1/04)
In this Guideline:
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
The protective covering over armored scales is produced by molted skins and
secretions from the scale. Unlike soft scales, the protective covering can be
lifted off the body of the armored scale. High populations of these sucking
insects give plant stems a crusty appearance. The first nymphal instar is
called a crawler and has functional legs, while the remaining instars are
attached to the leaf and do not move. Unlike soft scales, armored scales do not
produce honeydew. Most armored scales have several generations a year.
DAMAGE
Along with the unsightly encrustations that are the bodies of the immobile
scales, these scales inject toxic saliva that causes plants to decline.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Aphytis melinus is a commercially
available parasite that is effective in
controlling California red scale.
CULTURAL CONTROL
Prune out and discard heavily infested plant parts. Exclusion of windblown
crawlers can be accomplished by covering openings to the greenhouse with fine
mesh screens.
MONITORING and WHEN TO TREAT
Carefully inspect new plants being brought into the production area to ensure
that they are free of scales and other pests. Treat infested plants.
Visual inspection of plants will help locate infestations and may permit
localized treatments of hot spots. Treatment is generally warranted when scales
are present. Optimum treatment timing is when crawlers are active; however,
when there are overlapping, multiple generations, crawlers may emerge over a
lengthy time, making multiple applications necessary.
TREATMENT
Selected Materials Registered for Use on Greenhouse or Nursery Ornamentals
Read and follow the instructions on the label before using any pesticide.
Before using a pesticide for the first time or on a new crop or cultivar, treat
a few plants and check for phytotoxicity.
| Class |
|
Pesticide (commercial name) |
Manufacturer |
R.E.I.1 |
Comments |
| botanical |
A. |
pyrethrin/PBO2
(PT 1100 Pyrethrum TR) |
Whitmire
MicroGen |
12 |
An aerosol. |
|---|
| insect growth regulator |
A. |
pyriproxyfen
(Distance) |
Valent |
12 |
Do not apply more than 2 times per cropping cycle or per 6
months. Do not use through any type of irrigation system. |
|---|
| B. |
s-kinoprene
(Enstar II) |
Wellmark |
4 |
Apply prebloom. Also labeled for low volume use. Do not apply
through any type of irrigation system. |
|---|
| oil3 |
A. |
clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil
(Triact 70) |
Certis |
4 |
Do not spray plants under stress. Target pest must be
completely covered with spray. Check label for list of plants that can be
treated. May cause injury to flowers. Do not use through any type of irrigation
system. |
|---|
| B. |
horticultural oil
Ultra-Fine Oil
SafTSide
JMS Stylet Oil |
Whitmire MicroGen
Brandt
JMS Farms |
4
4
4
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Use as above for neem oil. Also, do not use with sulfur fungicides; check label for tank mix restrictions.
|
|---|
| organochlorine |
A. |
endosulfan*
(Endosulfan 3EC) |
Gowan |
24 |
Do not apply to ‘Bonnaton Deluxe,' ‘Fred Shoesmith,'
or ‘White Knight' chrysanthemums. Check local water/runoff restrictions.
Do not use through any type of irrigation system or apply more than 3 lb
a.i./acre/season. |
|---|
| organophosphate |
A. |
acephate
(Address) |
Dow |
24 |
Do not use through any type of irrigation system. |
|---|
| B. |
acephate
(Orthene T,
T&O Spray) 75WP |
Valent |
24 |
A number of chrysanthemum varieties have exhibited phytotoxic
reactions. In greenhouses only labeled for use on anthurium, cacti, carnation,
rose, orchids, some foliage plants, young poinsettia, and some varieties of
chrysanthemum. Can stunt new growth in roses. Do not use through any type of
irrigation system. |
|---|
| C. |
acephate
(PT 1300 Orthene TR) |
Whitmire MicroGen |
24 |
An aerosol for greenhouse use only. |
|---|
| D. |
chlorpyrifos*
(PT DuraGuard ME) |
Whitmire
MicroGen |
24 |
|
|---|
| E. |
malathion
(various) |
various |
12 |
Not for greenhouse use. |
|---|
organophosphate/
pyrethroid |
A. |
chloropyrifos/
cyfluthrin*
(PT Duraplex TR) |
Whitmire
MicroGen |
12 |
An aerosol. |
|---|
| pyrethroid |
A. |
cyfluthrin
(Decathlon 20WP) |
Olympic |
12 |
Label permits low-volume application. Do not use through any
type of irrigation system. |
|---|
| B. |
fluvalinate
(Mavrik Aquaflow) |
Wellmark |
12 |
Label permits low-volume application. Also labeled as a cutting
dip at 5 fl oz/100 gal. Do not use through any type of irrigation system. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries
UC ANR Publication 3392
Insects and Mites
K. L. Robb, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego Co.
H. S. Costa, Entomology, UC Riverside
J. A. Bethke, Entomology, UC Riverside
M. P. Parrella, Entomology, UC Davis
Acknowledgment for contributions to the insects and mites section:
R. S. Cowles, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor, CT
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