How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS

Soft scales are typically found on woody and foliage plants. The first nymphal instar is called a crawler and has functional legs, while the remaining instars are attached to the leaf or twig and (with the exception of green shield scale) do not move. These scales typically have a more conspicuous profile from the side view compared with armored scales and produce copious honeydew. The protective covering over a soft scale cannot be separated from its body. Brown soft scale adults are fairly flat in profile, range in color from yellowish green to brown, and are often spotted or mottled to uniform brown. Hemispherical scale adults are round, hard, brown, smooth and shiny. Black scale adults are globular and hardened with ridges on the back that look like the letter "H". Green shield scale, introduced into California in the early 1990s, has a light yellow-green color as an immature. Female green shield scales produce a mass of eggs in a cottony ovisac without mating (i.e., reproduction is parthenogenetic and there are no males).

DAMAGE

Soft scales remove sap from plants and cause yellowing of leaves and overall plant decline. Green shield scale ovisacs and the honeydew excreted by all the soft scales disfigure plants. Honeydew allows the growth of black sooty mold fungi and attracts ants. Ants may then carry scales to uninfested plants as well as protect them from natural enemies such as predators and parasites.

MANAGEMENT

Biological Control
The black scale parasite, Metaphycus helvolus, has also been used for control of the closely related hemispherical scale. The mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is known to be an effective predator of green shield scale. Green shield scale, however, is a CDFA "B" rated quarantine pest, so plant material must be entirely free of the scale to be shipped. For more information, see BIOLOGICAL CONTROL.

Biological Control
Exclusion of windblown crawlers can be accomplished by covering openings to the greenhouse with fine mesh screens. Prune out and discard heavily infested plant parts. Control ants.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Visual inspection of plants will help locate infestations and may permit localized treatments of hot spots. The presence of ants climbing on the plant can also indicate a problem with scales. To monitor the crawler stage, place double-sided sticky tape around stems.

Treatment is generally warranted when scales are present. Optimum treatment timing is when crawlers are active; however, this can be difficult when there are overlapping, multiple generations. Multiple applications are generally necessary.

TREATMENT

Selected Materials Registered for Use on Greenhouse or Nursery Ornamentals
Read and follow the instructions on the label before using any pesticide. Before using a pesticide for the first time or on a new crop or cultivar, treat a few plants and check for phytotoxicity. Also consider pesticide resistance management and environmental impact.

Class		Pesticide (commercial name)	Manufacturer	R.E.I.1	Mode of action2	Comments
insect growth regulator	A.	pyriproxyfen (Distance)	Valent	12	7C	Do not apply more than 2 times per cropping cycle or per 6 months.
	B.	s-kinoprene (Enstar II)	Wellmark	4	3	Apply prebloom. Also labeled for low volume use.
neonicotinoid	A.	acetamiprid (TriStar) 70WSP	Cleary	12	4A	Apply as a foliar spray.
	B.	imidacloprid (Marathon 1G) (Marathon II)	OHP	12	4A	Not to be used more than once every 16 weeks. Do not apply to soils that are water logged or saturated. Do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops.
		(Marathon 60 WP)				As above. Apply only as a drench.
oil3	A.	clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil# (Triact 70)	OHP	4	un	Do not spray plants under stress. Target pest must be completely covered with spray. Check label for list of plants that can be treated. May cause injury to flowers.
	B.	horticultural oil4 Ultra-Fine Oil SafTSide JMS Stylet Oil	Whitmire MicroGen Brandt JMS Farms	12 4 4	— — —	Use as above for neem oil. Also, do not use with sulfur fungicides; check label for tank mix restrictions.
organochlorine	A.	endosulfan* (Endosulfan 3EC)	Drexel	24	2A	Do not apply to 'Bonnaton Deluxe,' 'Fred Shoesmith,' or 'White Knight' chrysanthemums. Check local water/runoff restrictions. Do not apply more than 3 lb a.i./ acre/season.
organophosphate	A.	acephate (Acephate 97UP)	United Phosphorus	24	1B
	B.	acephate (Orthene T, T&O Spray)	Valent	24	1B	A number of chrysanthemum varieties have exhibited phytotoxic reactions. In greenhouses only labeled for use on anthurium, cacti, carnation, rose, orchids, some foliage plants, young poinsettia, and some varieties of chrysanthemum. Can stunt new growth in roses.
	C.	acephate (PT 1300 Orthene TR)	Whitmire MicroGen	24	1B	An aerosol for greenhouse use only.
	D.	chlorpyrifos* (PT DuraGuard ME)	Whitmire MicroGen	24	1B
	E.	malathion (various)	various	12	1B	Not for greenhouse use.

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Floriculture and Ornamental Nurseries
UC ANR Publication 3392
Insects and Mites
J. A. Bethke, Entomology, UC Riverside
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects and Mites:
K. L. Robb, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego County
H. S. Costa, Entomology, UC Riverside
R. S. Cowles, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Windsor, CT
M. P. Parrella, Entomology, UC Davis

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