How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST

The leaffooted bug is an infrequent pest in almonds that gets its name from the small, leaflike enlargements found on the hind legs of the large nymphs and adults. Adult bugs are about 1 inch long and have a narrow brown body with a yellow or white zigzag line across its flattened back. Adult females lay eggs in strands of usually 10 to 15 eggs that are often found on the sides of nuts in almonds. Eggs hatch into small nymphs that resemble newly hatched assassin bugs.

DAMAGE

The leaffooted bug is an infrequent pest in almonds. However, in years when weather and other conditions are right, spring migrations into orchards can result in significant damage, especially in the lower San Joaquin Valley. The leaffooted bug overwinters in the adult stage in aggregations in or near orchards and migrates into orchards in March or early April in search of nuts on which to feed. Feeding by adult leaffooted bugs on young nuts before the shell hardens can cause the embryo to wither and abort, or may cause the nut to gum internally, resulting in a bump or gumming on the shell. It can also cause nut drop. After the shell hardens, leaffooted bug feeding can still cause black spots on the kernel or wrinkled, misshapen nutmeats. Varieties that appear to be the most susceptible to damage include Fritz, Sonora, Aldrich, Livingston, Monterey, and Peerless.

Be careful not to confuse leaffooted bug damage with damage by stink bugs. Both pests damage nuts by probing them with their needlelike mouthparts, and both result in gumming on the hull. In most cases, leaffooted bug damage occurs in March and April while stink bug damage is more common in May and June. Another way to distinguish damage, considering that symptoms are so similar, is to find the actual bugs or their egg masses.

MANAGEMENT

Biological Control
Egg parasites, Gryon spp., often keep populations of leaffooted bug below economically damaging levels. However, as egg parasites, they have no ability to control the overwintering adult leaffooted bugs that migrate into orchards in spring.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Walk the orchard during the months of March and April to look for dropped nutlets (particularly on susceptible varieties), nuts with gummosis, and leaffooted bugs. Finding adult bugs is the best indication that a problem may arise, but the cryptic nature of these pests and their behavior of staying in the tops of trees makes this difficult to do. A more practical approach is to look for nuts with gummosis or egg masses on the sides of nuts. If gummosis exists, cut a cross-section across the damaged site to look for a puncture mark from the bug's mouthparts to confirm that the gummosis is not due to physiological reasons. The easiest monitoring method is to look for aborted nuts on the ground. However, the 7- to 10-day lag time between when the nuts are stung and when they abort makes this method risky because even immediate chemical control will not prevent another 1 to 2 weeks of nuts that have already been damaged from falling to the ground.

Treatment thresholds have not been developed for this pest in almonds, but low numbers of bugs can cause substantial damage. If bugs and their damage are evident, consider a treatment.

Common name		Amount/Acre**		R.E.I.+	P.H.I.+
(trade name)		(conc.)	(dilute)	(hours)	(days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used.
A.	BIFENTHRIN*
	(Brigade) WSB	8–32 oz	2-8 oz	12	7
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3
	COMMENTS: Do not repeat an application in less than 15 days. Will cause secondary pest outbreaks, especially spider mites, if used before hullsplit.
B.	CHLORPYRIFOS*
	(Lorsban) 4E	2 qt	—	24	14
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B
	COMMENTS: Do not apply more than 3 applications/season. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated orchards. Avoid drift or tailwater runoff into surface waters.
C.	ESFENVALERATE*
	(Asana XL)	4–8 oz	1–2 oz	12	21
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3
D.	CARBARYL*
	(Sevin) 80S	6 lb	1.5 lb	12	14
	MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A
	COMMENTS: If carbaryl/organophosphate resistant strains of the western predatory mite are not established, the use of carbaryl will cause severe mite outbreaks, if pest mites are present, unless carbaryl is used with a miticide such as propargite or fenbutatin-oxide. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i.
**	For dilute applications, rate is per 100 gal water to be applied in 300–500 gal water/acre, depending on the label; for concentrate applications, use 80–100 gal water/acre, or lower if the label allows.
+	Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may occur.
*	Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
1	Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
—	Not recommended or not on label.

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Almond
UC ANR Publication 3431
Insects and Mites
F. G. Zalom, Entomology, UC Davis
C. Pickel, UC IPM Program, UC Cooperative Extension, Sutter/Yuba counties
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
D. R. Haviland, UC IPM Program, UC Cooperative Extension, Kern County
R. A. Van Steenwyk, Insect Biology, UC Berkeley
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects and Mites:
R. E. Rice, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
L. C. Hendricks, UC Cooperative Extension, Merced County
R. L. Coviello, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno County
M. W. Freeman, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno County

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