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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Almond
Approximate
Impact Ratings of Various Pest Management Tools Against Natural
Enemies
(Reviewed 1/05,
updated 1/05)
In this Guideline:
|
|
|
| Pest Management Tools |
Treatment Timing |
Chemical Class |
Mode of Action1 |
Toxicities to: |
| Parasites |
Predators |
Predator mites |
Honey Bees |
| Acute |
Residual |
Acute |
Residual |
Acute |
Residual |
Acute |
Residual |
| abamectin (Agri-Mek) |
inseason |
avermectin |
6 |
L-M |
L |
L-H |
L |
M |
L-M |
H |
— |
|---|
| azinphosmethyl (Guthion) |
inseason |
organophosphate |
1B |
H |
M-H |
H |
H |
L-H |
L-H |
H |
H |
|---|
Bacillus thuringiensis
ssp. kurstaki |
bloom/
inseason |
biological |
11.B2 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|---|
| bifenazate (Acramite) |
inseason |
befenazate |
25 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| buprofezin (Applaud) |
inseason |
buprofezin |
16 |
L |
L |
M-H3 |
M |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| carbaryl (Sevin) |
inseason |
carbamate |
1A |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
|---|
| chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) |
dormant |
organophosphate |
1B |
L |
L |
L-M |
L-M |
L |
L |
L2 |
L2 |
|---|
| chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) |
inseason |
organophosphate |
1B |
H |
M-H |
M-H |
M-H |
M-H |
M |
H |
H |
|---|
| clofentezine (Apollo) |
inseason |
clofentazine |
10A |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
— |
|---|
| diazinon |
dormant |
organophosphate |
1B |
L |
L |
L-M |
L-M |
L |
L |
L2 |
L2 |
|---|
| diflubenzuron (Dimilin) |
dormant/
bloom |
benzoyluneas |
15 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| dormant oils |
dormant |
miscellaneous |
— |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| esfenvalerate (Asana) |
inseason |
pyrethroid |
3 |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
|---|
| fenbutatin-oxide (Vendex) |
inseason |
organotin |
— |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L-M |
L |
L |
L |
|---|
| hexythiazox (Onager) |
inseason |
hexythiazox |
10A |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| methidathion (Supracide) |
dormant/
inseason |
organophosphate |
1B |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
|---|
methoxyfenozide
(Intrepid) |
bloom/
inseason |
diacylhydrazine |
18 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| naled (Dibrom) |
dormant |
organophosphate |
1B |
L |
L |
L-M |
L-M |
L |
L |
L2 |
L2 |
|---|
| oils |
dormant/
inseason
|
miscellaneous |
— |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L-M |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| permethrin (Pounce) |
inseason |
pyrethroid |
3 |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
H |
|---|
| phosmet (Imidan) |
inseason |
organophosphate |
1B |
M-H |
M-H |
H |
H |
M-H |
M |
H |
H |
|---|
| propargite (Omite) |
inseason |
propargite |
14 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L-M |
L |
L |
L |
|---|
| pyriproxyfen (Esteem,
Seize) |
dormant/
inseason |
pyriproxyfen |
7C |
L |
L |
M-H3 |
M |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| pyriproxyfen (Esteem
Bait) |
inseason |
pyriproxyfen |
7C |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| rosemary oil (Hexacide) |
inseason |
miscellaneous |
— |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| spinosad (Success, Entrust) |
dormant/
inseason |
naturalyte |
5 |
L |
L |
L- H4 |
L |
L |
L |
M |
M |
|---|
| sulfur |
inseason |
miscellaneous |
— |
M |
L |
L-M |
L |
L-M |
L-M |
L |
L |
|---|
| tebufenozide (Confirm) |
bloom/
inseason |
diacylhydrazine |
18 |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
— |
|---|
| Cultural/Nonchemical |
|---|
| dust control |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
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|---|
| early harvest |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
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|---|
| fumigation (prehulling) |
postharvest |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
| latex paint |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
| orchard sanitation |
dormant |
|
|
L-M |
L-M |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
| infested plant part removal |
dormant |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
| parasite releases |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
pheromones
(mating disruption) |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
|
|---|
| predator releases |
inseason |
|
|
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
L |
|
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|---|
| 1 |
Modes of action are important in preventing the development of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals
with a different mode-of-action group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group number
more than twice per season. For example, the organophosphates have a group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B group
number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1B. Mode of action is assigned by
IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee).
For additional information, see their Web site at
http://www.irac-online.org/ |
| 2 |
Low toxicity if bees are not in orchard at time of application. |
| 3 |
Highly toxic to predaceous coccinellid beetles. |
| 4 |
Highly toxic to predaceous thrips and syrphid fly
larvae when used inseason. |
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Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists working on a variety of crops.
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Almond
UC ANR Publication 3431
General Information
F. G. Zalom, Entomology, UC Davis
C. Pickel, UC IPM Program, UC Cooperative Extension, Sutter/Yuba counties
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
R. L. Coviello, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno Co
R. A. Van Steenwyk, Insect Biology, UC Berkeley
M. W. Freeman, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno Co.
Acknowledgment for contributions to the insects and mites section:
R. E. Rice, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
L. C. Hendricks, UC Cooperative Extension, Merced Co.
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