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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Apple
Apple
Pandemis
Scientific name: Pandemis
pyrusana
(Reviewed 8/06,
updated 8/06)
In this Guideline:
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Apple pandemis is primarily a pest in Central Coast orchards where
it occurs in higher populations in cooler years and in cooler locations.
Pandemis overwinters as first instar larvae in apple buds. Larvae become active
in spring as the buds open up. Larvae are green caterpillars with a straw- or
gold-colored head.
Orange tortrix larvae are similar in appearance to apple pandemis but only occur together in the orchard during the
month of July. There are two generations a year.
Overwintered larvae feed on blooms and on the surface of young fruit, causing them
to drop or resulting in scarring
and distortion.
Summer generation larvae feed on leaf tissue and cause windowpaning. This
windowpane can be used to distinguish between apple pandemis and orange
tortrix.
Windowpaning may also be
caused by eyespotted bud moth, however, especially in organic orchards. In
addition, when apple pandemis tie leaves to fruit, they cause shallow feeding
scars that are also similar to those caused by eyespotted bud moth.
Control measures aimed against first-generation apple pandemis
during bloom and petal fall are generally more successful than in-season sprays
because summer-generation eggs are laid in rolled leaves and larvae are
protected from sprays when they hatch.
Biological Control
The parasitic wasp Enytus eureka and a tachinid fly in
the genus Actia have been found parasitizing apple pandemis larvae;
neither is abundant.
Organically Acceptable
Methods
Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis, the Entrust formulation
of spinosad , and kaolin clay are organically acceptable.
Monitoring
and Treatment Decisions
Overwintering larvae can
be controlled with a delayed dormant application of oil and insecticide;
however, these sprays pose water quality concerns and may pose some risks to
raptors, aquatic invertebrates, beneficials, and other nontarget organisms. If
a delayed dormant spray is not applied, sample for apple pandemis between green tip and
pink
bud;
examine 100 fruit clusters per block for larvae. Treat if there are any apple
pandemis larvae in the sample.
Monitor the summer
generations once a month in June, July, and August in conjunction with orange tortrix
and eyespotted bud moth: take the first sample no later than mid-June. Examine
10 trees of each variety in each block for 4 minutes each. Each larva found,
whether orange tortrix, apple pandemis, or eyespotted bud moth, correlates to
about 1% fruit damage at harvest.
The threelined leafroller
(Pandemis limitata) pheromone trap can be used to monitor apple
pandemis. Although this can give you an idea of when moths are flying, it will
not provide an accurate assessment of populations in an individual block
because traps draw moths in from native vegetation as well as from orchard
trees.
| Common name |
Amount to Use |
P.H.I.+ |
| (trade name) |
(conc.) |
(dilute) |
(days) |
|
| When choosing a
pesticide, consider information relating to the impact
on natural enemies and honey bees and environmental impact.
|
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| DELAYED DORMANT |
| A. |
NARROW RANGE OIL |
4–6 gal |
1–1.5 gal |
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MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. |
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. . . PLUS . . . |
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CHLORPYRIFOS* |
| |
(Lorsban) 4EC |
Label rates |
|
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MODE
OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
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COMMENTS: Gives best
control. Avoid drift and runoff into surface waters or choose alternative
materials. Chlorpyrifos has been found in surface waters at levels that violate federal and state water quality standards. |
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| TIGHT CLUSTER |
| A. |
SPINOSAD |
| |
(Entrust)# |
2–3 oz |
0.5–0.75 oz |
7 |
| |
(Success) |
6–10 fl oz |
2–3.3 fl oz |
7 |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
microbial (Group 5)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS: Apply at
petal fall when larvae are present. To prevent the development of resistance
to this product, rotate to a material with a different mode of action after
treating two consecutive generations. Do not apply more than 3 sprays/season
directed at leafrollers. Do not apply more than 9 oz/acre/crop of Entrust or 29 fl oz of Success/acre/crop. |
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| B. |
METHOXYFENOZIDE |
| |
(Intrepid) 2F |
16 fl oz |
— |
14 |
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MODE OF ACTION: An
insect growth regulator (Group 18)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS:
Functions both as an ovicide (when applied to eggs and when eggs are laid on residues) and as a larvicide (must be ingested for it to be effective). |
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| C. |
CHLORPYRIFOS* |
| |
(Lorsban) 50WP |
Label rates |
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MODE
OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS: Apply before
pink bud and placement of bees in orchards. Do not use postbloom. Avoid drift and tailwater runoff into surface waters. |
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| D. |
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# |
| |
(various products) |
Label rates |
— |
0 |
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MODE OF ACTION: A
microbial (Group 11.B2)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS: Bt is a
stomach poison and must be consumed by the leafroller; therefore it is most
effective when applied during warm, dry weather when larvae are actively
feeding. Most effective against young larvae. Requires more than 1 treatment; apply second application 7–10 days after first. |
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| E. |
KAOLIN CLAY# |
| |
(Surround) |
25-50 lb |
– |
|
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MODE OF ACTION: Unknown. An inorganic insecticide. |
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COMMENTS: Serves
primarily as a barrier to oviposition and/or to prevent larvae from entering
the fruit so early application and good coverage are important. Make the
first application when larvae are detected and reapply in 7 to 14 days in
100-200 gal water/acre. A total of 3 treatments per generation may be required to keep fruit completely covered during the egg-laying period. |
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| SUMMER |
| A. |
SPINOSAD |
| |
(Entrust)# |
2-3 oz |
0.5-0.75 oz |
7 |
| |
(Success) |
6–10 fl oz |
2–3.3 fl oz |
7 |
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MODE
OF ACTION: A microbial (Group 5)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS: To prevent
the development of resistance to this product, rotate to a material with a
different mode of action after treating two consecutive generations. Do not
apply more than 3 sprays/season directed at leafrollers. Do not apply more than 9 oz/acre/crop of Entrust or 29 fl oz of Success/acre/crop. |
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| B. |
METHOXYFENOZIDE |
| |
(Intrepid) 2F |
16 fl oz |
— |
14 |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: An
insect growth regulator (Group 18)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS:
Functions both as an ovicide (when applied to eggs and when eggs are laid on residues) and as a larvicide (must be ingested for it to be effective). |
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| C. |
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# |
| |
(various products) |
Label rates |
— |
0 |
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MODE OF ACTION: A
microbial (Group 11.B2)1 insecticide.
|
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COMMENTS: Least
harmful to beneficials. Bt is a stomach poison and must be consumed by the
leafroller; therefore it is most effective when applied during warm, dry
weather when larvae are actively feeding. Most effective against young
larvae. Requires more than 1 treatment; apply second application 7–10 days after first. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Apple
UC ANR Publication 3432
Insects and Mites
J. L. Caprile, UC Cooperative Extension, Contra Costa County
L. R. Wunderlich, UC Cooperative Extension, El Dorado County
P. M. Vossen, UC Cooperative Extension, Sonoma and Marin counties
W. W. Coates, UC Cooperative Extension, San Benito County
H. L. Andris, UC Cooperative Extension, Fresno County
L. G. Varela, UC IPM Program, Sonoma County
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
Acknowledgment for contributions to the insects and mites section:
C. Pickel, UC IPM Program, Sutter and Yuba counties
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