| Common name |
Amount/Acre |
R.E.I.+ |
P.H.I.+ |
| (trade name) |
|
(hours) |
(days) |
|
| When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating
to environmental impact.
|
| |
| PREPLANT |
| Preemergent (before weeds germinate) |
| A. |
TRIFLURALIN |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
12 |
0 |
| |
(Treflan) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Broadcast preplant in 5 to 40 gallons of water per
acre. Trifluralin must be incorporated immediately after application to avoid
loss of activity. Plant tree roots below treated soil. Do not place treated
soil near roots during planting. Controls many annuals and is helpful in suppressing perennial weeds. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| B. |
PENDIMETHALIN |
| |
(Prowl 3.3EC) |
2–3.9 lb a.i. |
24 |
365 |
| |
(Prowl H2O) |
2–3.8 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to soil in 10 gal/acre or more before planting
and incorporate mechanically 2.5 inches deep. Use untreated soil to fill in around tree roots. |
| |
| Postemergent (after weeds emerge) |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
1–4 lb a.i. |
4 |
17 |
| |
(Roundup UltraMax) |
| |
. . . OR . . . |
| |
(Glyphomax) |
1–3.75 lb a.i. |
12 |
17 |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply with a shielded controlled applicator or with
low-pressure flat fan nozzles. For annual weed control, use 1 lb/acre in
3–10 gal water. Ammonium sulfate can also be added (1 to 2% by weight
or 8.5 to 17 lbs per 100 gallon of water) to the spray solution to
significantly improve control in areas with hard water. It is important to add the ammonium
sulfate to the water before adding the herbicide. Apply to young annuals or
vigorously growing perennials in flowering stage. Some perennials require the
high label rate for control. May be used on young weeds in the planting row
followed by planting into the dead weeds. As a result of the no-till effect,
new weeds usually do not establish for a month or more. Do not use more than 10.6 lb/year. |
| |
| NEWLY PLANTED ORCHARDS (non-bearing
trees)
|
| Preemergent |
| A. |
ISOXABEN |
0.5–0.9975 lb a.i. |
12 |
365 |
| |
(Gallery T&V) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21 |
| |
COMMENTS: Wait until soil has settled around newly planted
trees before applying. Controls
broadleaf weeds only before they have germinated; will not control emerged
weeds. If weeds are
emerged, lightly cultivate or add a postemergent herbicide. Requires
incorporation for activation, either by light cultivation (1 to 2 inches) or
rainfall (minimum of 0.5 inches) within 21 days after application. Sprinkler or flood irrigation can
also be used for incorporation. Apply in at least 10 gal/acre of water. |
| |
| B. |
TRIFLURALIN |
1–2 lb a.i. |
12 |
0 |
| |
(Treflan) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses.
Apply pre-bloom by ground as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate,
taking care not to injure the trees with the incorporation. Must be
incorporated immediately after application to avoid loss of activity. Used on
new plantings or established orchards as a strip treatment. Suppresses
bermudagrass, johnsongrass, and dallisgrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| C. |
ORYZALIN |
2–6 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4 A.S. etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses.
Apply to the soil surface in 20–40 gal water/acre. If rain does not
occur within 21 days, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5–2 inches of water. May
be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds are present. For tank
mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Most effect on
annual grasses and numerous broadleaf annuals. Very safe for young or newly
planted trees and on sandy or sandy loam soils. Used to maintain control in
strips down the row. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| D. |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
12 |
35 |
| |
(Devrinol50DF) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal
water/acre. Use only once per season. Must be incorporated mechanically or
with sprinkler irrigation or rainfall within 21 days of application between
November and February or within 24 hours the remainder of the year. Effective
on annual grasses and several annual broadleaves. Effective in maintaining
weed-free strips down the row.
Needs to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have
emerged. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and
employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum
a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| E. |
PENDIMETHALIN |
| |
(Prowl 3.3EC) |
2–3.9 lb a.i. |
24 |
365 |
| |
(Prowl H2O) |
2–3.8 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Prowl 3.3 EC is for use on dormant non-bearing trees
only, while Prowl H20 can be used on dormant bearing or
non-bearing plantings. Apply in 10 or more gal water/acre to soil under
trees. Do not apply on newly planted trees unless soil is firm and there are
no cracks in soil around base of trees. Where the 3.3 EC formulation is used,
best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within 7
days. Prowl H20 can
remain on the soil surface for up to 21 days before rainfall is required to
activate it. Will not control emerged weeds. Residual period: 4–10 months |
| |
| F. |
THIAZOPYR |
| |
(Visor 2E) |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
12 |
1 year |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on non-bearing trees only; Use allowed under
a SLN registration. Apply in 20 or more gal water/acre. Provides nutsedge and
mare's tail suppression on coarse textured soils with low organic matter.
Nutsedge control is often improved if a treatment is applied at 0.5 lb
a.i./acre in the fall plus the winter.
Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within 7
days of application. Will not control emerged weeds. Residual period: 4-10 months. |
| |
| G. |
FLUMIOXAZIN |
| |
(Chateau SW) |
0.188–0.376 lb a.i. |
12 |
1 year |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on dormant non-bearing trees only. Apply in 10 or more gal water/acre to
soil under trees when completely dormant. Do not apply on newly planted trees unless soil is firm
and there are no cracks in soil around base of trees. Best control is achieved when
irrigation or rainfall occurs within 21 days. Can be mixed with other pre- or postemergent
herbicides. It will not provide
adequate control of emerged weeds, unless mixed with a postemergent
herbicide. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and
employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum
a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use allowed under a supplemental label. Residual period: 3–6 months. |
| |
| Postemergent |
| A. |
CLETHODIM |
| |
(Prism) |
0.095–0.125 lb a.i. |
24 |
1 year |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on non-bearing trees only. Apply to young perennial grasses.
Repeat applications will be required for the control of perennial grasses.
Apply in 5 to 40 gal water/acre.
Add 0.25% volume per volume nonionic surfactant to the spray solution.
Spray pressure should be between 30 and 60 PSI, with higher pressures used
when weed density is high. Do
not apply a broadleaf herbicide within one day following application or
reduced grass control may occur. Residual period: less than one month. |
| |
| B. |
SETHOXYDIM |
0.19–0.47 lb a.i. |
12 |
25 days |
| |
(Poast) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply
to young perennial grasses in non-bearing orchards only. Repeat applications
will be required for the control of perennial grasses. Add 2 pt/acre of a
nonphytotoxic crop oil concentrate to the spray solution. Residual period:
less than one month.
|
| |
| C. |
MSMA |
1.98–3.96 lb a.i. |
12 |
1 year |
| |
(MSMA 6 Plus etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 17 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on non-bearing trees only. Apply in 50
gallons of water per acre to insure adequate coverage. Mix at a rate of 1.98
lb a.i./50 gal water. An air temperature of 80-85 F at and following
treatment often improves efficacy.
It can be applied up to three times per year. Apply as a directed
spray or in such a way as to avoid contact with the foliage of trees.
|
| |
| D. |
CARFENTRAZONE |
0.008–0.031 lb a.i. |
12 |
3 |
| |
(Shark EW) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: A postemergent, contact herbicide used for quick top
kill of many broadleaf weed species. Can be applied anytime during the
season, but if fruit are present, it should either be avoided or applied with
extreme care to avoid drift. It can also be used for sucker control. Apply in
a minimum of 20 gal water/acre to weeds less than 6 inches tall. Repeat
treatments as new growth occurs, but they must be at least 14 days apart. Do
not use more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. Use 0.25% volume per volume
nonionic surfactant, 1.0% volume per volume of a crop oil concentrate, or a silicone or MSO surfactant. |
| |
| ESTABLISHED ORCHARDS |
| Preemergent |
| A. |
TRIFLURALIN |
1–2 lb a.i. |
12 |
60 |
| |
(Treflan, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses.
Apply prebloom by ground as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate,
taking care not to injure the tree. Must be incorporated immediately after
application to avoid loss of activity.
Frequently used as a strip treatment. Suppresses bermudagrass,
johnsongrass, and dalligrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| B. |
ORYZALIN |
2–6 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4 A.S. etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–40 gal
water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days, sprinkle irrigate with
0.5–2 inches of water. Most effect on annual grasses and numerous
broadleaf annuals. Very safe for sandy or sandy loam soils. Used to maintain
control in strips down the row. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide
if weeds are present. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all
labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed
the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same
a.i. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| C. |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
12 |
35 |
| |
(Devrinol 50DF) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre.
Use only once per season. Must be incorporated either mechanically or with
sprinkler irrigation or rainfall, within 21 days of application between
November and February, or within 24 hours the remainder of the year.
Effective on annual grasses and several annual broadleaves. Effective in maintaining weed-free
strips down the row. Needs
to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have emerged. For tank
mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| D. |
NORFLURAZON |
1.97–3.93 lb a.i. |
12 |
60 |
| |
(Solicam DF) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12 |
| |
COMMENTS: Similar to oryzalin but is effective on more annual
broadleaf and grass species. It can suppress yellow nutsedge or bermudagrass
when used year-after-year. Apply to soil as a directed spray from fall to
early spring under trees established for at least 1.5 years. If no rainfall
occurs within 4 weeks, incorporate with sprinkler or flood irrigation. Remove existing weeds with
cultivation or a postemergent herbicide, because it has no postemergent activity. Avoid higher rates on sandy or
gravelly soils to prevent injury to trees. Considered to be a ground water
contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas.
Do not use in the Coachella Valley.
Apply in 20–100 gal water/acre. Residual period: 6–12 months. |
| |
| E. |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.5–2.0 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Goal 2 XL, GoalTender 4F, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on dormant trees only. Apply following
harvest up to February 15 (February 1 in the Coachella Valley). Apply by
ground one time per season in 40–100 gal water/acre on firm soil. Must
not be mechanically disturbed or poor weed control will result. Effective as
a pre- and postemergent herbicide. Effective on little mallow (cheeseweed).
Useful combined with other postemergent herbicides, such as glyphosate, or in
combination with preemergent herbicides, such as oryzalin or thiazopyr. Both
formulations have similar effectiveness when used preemergent and at
comparable rates. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all
labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed
the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Check label for use period. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| F. |
PRONAMIDE* |
1–4 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Kerb) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
COMMENTS: Do not apply to trees less than 1 year old. Selective herbicide for control of
winter annual and perennial grasses. Apply in fall after fruit harvest. Apply in 40-50 gal water/acre to the
soil at the base of the trees. Must be applied before weed emergence because
it will not control emerged weeds.
Rainfall or irrigation is essential after application for effective weed control. Residual period: 4-8 months. |
| |
| Postemergent |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
1–4 lb a.i. |
4 |
17 |
| |
(Roundup UltraMax) |
| |
. . . OR . . . |
| |
(Glyphomax) |
1–3.75 lb a.i. |
12 |
17 |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 |
| |
COMMENTS: Apply with a shielded controlled droplet application
or with low-pressure, flat-fan nozzles. For annual weed control, use 1 lb
a.i./acre in 3–10 gal water. Ammonium sulfate can also be added (1 to
2% by weight or 8.5 to 17 lbs per 100 gallon of water) to the spray solution
to improve control in areas with hard water. It is important to add the
ammonium sulfate to the water before adding the herbicide. For chemical
mowing, consult label for exact timing and rates, depending on weed size and
species. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials. Some
perennials require the high label rate for control. A good herbicide for
perennial weeds, but doesn't eradicate field bindweed or nutsedge. Not
effective on some broadleaf weeds at older stages of growth (little mallow
and filaree). Avoid drift onto green bark or foliage of tree or injury will
result. It is important to monitor
treated areas for escaped weeds, as glyphosate resistant weeds have been
observed in orchards where glyphosate has been used repeatedly for several years. |
| |
| B. |
PARAQUAT* |
0.625–1.0 lb a.i. |
12 |
28 |
| |
(Gramoxone Inteon) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 22 |
| |
COMMENTS: Nonselective postemergent, contact herbicide used
for quick top kill of most weed species. Less effective against perennials
that will regrow (bermudagrass, dallisgrass, johnsongrass and field
bindweed). Most effective when used in late winter or early spring on small
annual grass species in combination with preemergent herbicides. Apply in
10–60 gal water/acre to young weeds. Use 0.25% volume per volume nonionic
surfactant or 1.0% volume per volume of a crop oil concentrate. Repeat treatment as new growth occurs. Do not exceed 3 applications/season. |
| |
| C. |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.5–2.0 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Goal 2 XL GoalTender 4F, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: Dormant application to young (4-leaf-stage) weeds.
GoalTender 4F has less activity than Goal 2XL when used as a postemergence
treatment, so higher rates may need to be used with this formulation. It is effective on little mallow
(cheeseweed) and filaree. Useful when combined with glyphosate or oryzalin.
May be combined with other postemergent herbicides for specific weeds. For
tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most
restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any
label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Apply following
harvest up to February 15 (February 1 in the Coachella Valley). Apply by
ground one time per season in 40–100 gal water/acre on firm soil. Must not be mechanically disturbed or
poor weed control will result. Effective as a pre-and postemergent herbicide. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| D. |
2,4–D* |
0.95–1.425 lb a.i. |
48 |
40 |
| |
(Saber) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4 |
| |
COMMENTS: For use on established trees one year or older.
Effective on most broadleaf annual weeds. Provides partial control of field
bindweed. Apply as a directed spray to weeds, using low-pressure, flooding
nozzles between the tree rows. Best results are obtained when applied a few
days after an irrigation. Do not allow drift onto the trees or injury may
result. No more than two applications allowed during the growing season. Residual period: 4–6 weeks. |
| |
| E. |
FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL |
0.125–0.375 lb a.i. |
12 |
14 |
| |
(Fusilade DX) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 |
| |
COMMENTS: For control of annual and perennial grass weeds. A
crop oil concentrate at 0.5 to 1% volume per volume or a nonionic surfactant
at 0.25 to 0.5% volume per volume must be added to the spray solution. In
areas with hard water, it may be necessary to acidify the water before adding
the herbicide and surfactant. Avoid contact of spray with foliage of trees.
Apply in 5-40 gal water, with spray pressures of 30 to 60 psi. Best results
are obtained when applied within 7 days after irrigation. Do not apply to
grass that is stressed or poor control may result. Apply to johnsongrass when
it is between 8 to 18 inches in height. Repeat applications may be required for johnsongrass and bermudagrass. Residual period: less than 1 month. |
| |
| F. |
CARFENTRAZONE |
0.008–0.031 lb a.i. |
12 |
3 |
| |
(Shark EW) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: A postemergent, contact herbicide used for quick top
kill of many broadleaf weed species. Can be applied anytime during the season,
but if fruit are present, it should either be avoided or applied with extreme
care to avoid drift. It can also be used for sucker control. Apply in a
minimum of 20 gal water/acre to weeds less than 6 inches tall. Repeat
treatments as new growth occurs, but they must be at least 14 days apart. Do
not use more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. Use 0.25% volume per volume
nonionic surfactant, 1.0% volume per volume of a crop oil concentrate, or a silicone or MSO surfactant. |
| |
| Herbicide combinations |
| NOTE: Combinations are most often used to broaden the weed
control spectrum. At the rates recommended below, perennial weeds will not be
controlled. Other combinations can be used depending upon the weed spectrum
present in the orchard. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all
labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed
the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
see label |
17 |
| |
(Roundup, Touchdown, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 |
| |
. . . PLUS . . . |
| |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.1–1 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Goal 2XL, GoalTender 4F, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: For broad-spectrum control of emerged weeds. Apply
in a minimum of 10 gal water/acre in dormant trees. Helps increase control of
cheeseweed, filaree, chickweed, and grasses. Glyphosate effectiveness is
increased with low-water volume and oxyfluorfen is more effective at the
higher volume. Avoid drift and follow directions for application period of oxyfluorfen. |
| |
| B. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
see label |
17 |
| |
(Roundup, Touchdown, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 |
| |
. . . PLUS . . . |
| |
ORYZALIN |
4 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4 A.S., etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
. . . OR . . . |
| |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
12 |
35 |
| |
(Devrinol 50DF) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 |
| |
COMMENTS: Combines pre- and postemergent control of most
annual weeds with residual up to 6 months. Combination choice depends on weed
spectrum and how rapid incorporation will occur. Napropamide needs irrigation within 7 days, oryzalin within 21 days. |
| |
| C. |
ORYZALIN |
4 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Surflan, Oryzalin 4 A.S., etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 |
| |
. . . PLUS . . . |
| |
OXYFLUORFEN |
2 lb a.i. |
24 |
0 |
| |
(Goal 2XL, GoalTender 4F, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 |
| |
COMMENTS: Combined to give broad-spectrum control. Apply
preemergence or combined with paraquat or glyphosate if weeds have emerged. Irrigate within 21 days if rain has not occurred. |
| |
| D. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5 lb a.i. |
see label |
17 |
| |
(Roundup, Touchdown, etc.) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 |
| |
. . . PLUS . . . |
| |
2,4–D* |
0.5 lb a.i. |
48 |
40 |
| |
(Saber) |
| |
WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4 |
| |
. . . PLUS . . . |
| |
SURFACTANT |
0.5–1% |
|
|
| |
COMMENTS: Combined to give broad-spectrum control. Apply postemergence to young, growing weeds. Avoid drift or contact with leaves. |
| |
| |
|
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