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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Prune
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides and Miticides Used in Prunes to Natural Enemies and Honey Bees
(Reviewed 6/06,
updated 6/06)
In this Guideline:
|
|
|
| Common name (trade name) |
Chemical class 1 |
Mode of action 2 |
Selectivity 3 (affected groups) |
Predatory mites 4 |
General predators 5 |
Parasites 5 |
Honey bees 6 |
Duration of impact to natural enemies 7 |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki
|
M |
11.B2 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
none |
| bifenazate (Acramite) |
CE |
25 |
narrow (spider mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| carbaryl (Sevin) 80 |
C |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L/H |
H |
H |
I |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) XLR Plus |
C |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
L |
III |
long |
| chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
M |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| diazinon–foliar |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| diflubenzuron (Dimilin) |
IGR |
15 |
— |
L |
H |
L |
IV |
— |
| endosulfan (Thionex) |
OC |
2A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
M |
M |
II* |
short |
| esfenvalerate (Asana) |
P |
3 |
broad (insect, mites) |
H |
M |
H |
I* |
moderate |
| fenbutatin oxide (Vendex) |
OT |
— |
narrow (pest mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| hexythiazox (Onager, Savey) |
CA |
10A |
narrow (mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short to moderate |
| lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) |
P |
3 |
broad (plant bugs, beetles, caterpillars) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| methidathion (Supracide) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) |
IGR |
18 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
none |
| neem oil (Trilogy) |
B |
— |
broad (soft-bodied) insects) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| petroleum oil |
CON |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short to none |
| phosmet (Imidan) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| pyridaben (Nexter) |
PY |
21 |
broad (insects, mites) |
— |
— |
— |
III |
short |
| pyriproxyfen (Esteem, Seize) |
IGR |
7C |
narrow (scale, beetles) |
L |
H8 |
L |
IV |
long |
| spinosad (Entrust, Success) |
M |
5 |
caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, scales, leafminers |
L |
M9 |
L/M |
III |
short |
| sulfur |
I |
— |
narrow (mites and citrus thrips) |
L/H |
L |
H |
IV |
short |
| thiamethoxam (Actara) |
N |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
—10 |
— |
M |
I |
moderate |
H = high
M = moderate
L = low
— = no information
| 1 |
Chemical class:
B = botanical; C = carbamate; CA = carboxamide; CE = carboxylic acid ester;
CH = CON = contact including smothering and barrier effect; I = inorganic;
IGR = insect growth regulator; M = microbial; N = neonicotinoid; OC =
organochlorine; OP = organophosphate; OT = organotin; P = pyrethroid; PY = pyridazinone. |
| 2 |
Modes of action are important in preventing the development
of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action
Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group
number more than twice per season. For example, the organophosphates have a
Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated
with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action is
assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. |
| 3 |
Selectivity: Broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites;
narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 4 |
Generally,
toxicities are to western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis. Where differences have been measured, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 5 |
Toxicities are
averages of reported effects and should be used only as a general guide.
Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 6 |
Ratings are as
follows: I = Do not apply to blooming plants; II = Apply only during late
evening; III = Apply only during late evening, night, or early morning; and
IV = Apply at any time with reasonable safety to bees. If marked with an
asterick (*), the rating is the next higher rating for low label rates. For
more information, see How to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides, Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW518.
|
| 7 |
Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 8 |
Kills lady beetles. |
| 9 |
Toxic against
some natural enemies (predatory thrips, syrphid fly larva, beetles) when sprayed and shortly after (8 to 24 hrs.). |
| 10 |
May causes increase in spider mite populations. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Prune
UC ANR Publication 3464
General Information
Acknowledgments:
This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists working on a variety of crops.
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