| Common name |
Amount/Acre |
P.H.I.+ |
| (Trade name) |
|
(days) |
|
| When choosing a pesticide,
consider information relating to environmental quality.
|
| |
| PREPLANT |
| Preemergent (before weeds germinate) |
| A. |
TRIFLURALIN |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Treflan, Trilin) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Broadcast preplant in 5 to 40 gallons of water per
acre. Trifluralin must be incorporated immediately after application to avoid
loss of activity. Plant tree roots below treated soil. Do not place treated
soil near roots during planting. Controls many annuals and is helpful in suppressing perennial weeds. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| Postemergent (after weeds emerge) |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
1–4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Roundup UltraMax, Touchdown etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
glycine (Group 9)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply with a controlled applicator or with
low-pressure flat fan nozzles. For annual weed control use 1 lb/acre in 3–10
gal water. Ammonium sulfate can also be added (1 to 2% by weight or 8.5 to 17
lbs per 100 gallon of water) to the spray solution, and significantly
improves control in areas with hard water. It is important to add the ammonium sulfate to the water
prior to adding the herbicide. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing
perennials in flowering stage. Some perennials require the 4 lb/acre rate for
control. May be used on young weeds in the planting row followed by planting
into the dead weeds. New weeds usually do not establish for a month or more, as a result of the no-till effect. Do not use more than 10.6 lb/year. |
| |
| NEWLY
PLANTED ORCHARDS (nonbearing trees)
|
| Preemergent (before weeds germinate) |
| A. |
FLUMIOXAZIN |
0.19 – 0.38 lb a.i |
|
| |
(Chateau) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An N-phenylphthalimide (Group 14)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply as a uniform broadcast application to the
orchard floor or as a uniform band at the base of the trunk. Should not be applied through any
type of irrigation system or on frozen soil. Mechanical incorporation is not encouraged as it will
reduce residual weed control.
Should not be applied to trees established less than one year, unless
protected from spray by a tree collar.
Do not apply within 1 year of the first harvest. Flumioxazin also has postemergent
activity. When applied
postemergence, always add crop oil concentrate or methylated seed oil. Ammonium sulfate can also be added to
enhance weed control, at the rate of 2 to 2.5 lbs of ammonium sulfate per
treated acre. Ammonium sulfate
does not replace crop oil or methylated seed oil in the mixture. Use allowed under a supplemental label. |
| |
| B. |
ISOXABEN |
0.5 -1 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Gallery T&V) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
benzamide (Group 21)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Wait until soil has settled around newly planted
trees before applying.
Controls broad-leaf weeds only before they have germinated; will not
control emerged weeds. If weeds
are emerged, lightly cultivate or add a postemergent herbicide. Requires
incorporation for activation, either by light cultivation (1 to 2 inches) or
rainfall (minimum of 0.5 inches) within 21 days after application. Sprinkler or flood irrigation
can also be used for incorporation. Apply in at least 10 gal/acre of water. |
| |
| C. |
TRIFLURALIN |
1–2 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Treflan, Trilin etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses.
Apply prebloom by ground as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate,
taking care not to injure the trees with the incorporation. Trifluralin must
be incorporated immediately after application to avoid loss of activity. Used on new plantings or established
orchards as a strip treatment. Suppresses bermudagrass, johnsongrass, and
dalligrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| D. |
ORYZALIN |
2–6 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Surflan, Farmsaver Oryzalin etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses.
Apply to the soil surface in 20–40 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur
within 21 days, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5–2 inches of water. May be combined
with a postemergent herbicide if weeds are present. Most effect on annual
grasses and numerous broadleaf annuals. Very safe for young or newly planted
trees and on sandy or sandy loam soils. Used to maintain control in strips
down the row. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| E. |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
35 |
| |
(Devrinol 50DF) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An acetamide (Group 15)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre.
Use only once per season. Must be incorporated within either mechanically or
with sprinkler irrigation or rainfall, within 21 days of application between
November and February, or within 24 hours the remainder of the year.
Effective on annual grasses and several annual broadleaves. Effective in maintaining weed-free
strips down the row. Needs
to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have emerged. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| F. |
PENDIMETHALIN |
2–4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Prowl 3.3EC etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on dormant nonbearing trees only. Apply in
10 or more gal water/acre to soil under trees. Do not apply on newly planted
trees unless soil is firm and there are no cracks in soil around base of
trees. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within 7
days. Will not control emerged weeds. Residual period: 4–10 months.
|
| |
| G. |
THIAZOPYR |
| |
(Visor) 2E |
0.5-1 lb a.i. |
1 year |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
pyridine (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only. Apply in 20 or more gal water/acre.
Provides nutsedge and marestail suppression on coarse textured soils with low
organic matter. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall occurs within
7 days of application. Will not control emerged weeds. Residual period: 4-10 months. Use allowed under a SLN registration. |
| |
| Postemergent (after weeds emerge) |
| A. |
CLETHODIM |
| |
(Prism) |
0.095-0.125 lb a.i. |
1 year |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
DIM (Group 1)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only. Apply to young perennial grasses.
Repeat applications will be required for the control of perennial grasses.
Apply in 5 to 40 gal water/acre.
Add 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant to the spray solution. Spray pressure
should be between 30 and 60 PSI, with higher pressures used when weed density
is high. Do not apply a
broadleaf herbicide within one day following a clethodim application or
reduced grass control may occur. Residual period: less than one month. |
| |
| B. |
SETHOXYDIM |
0.19–0.47 lb a.i. |
1 year |
| |
(Poast) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
DIM (Group 1)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only. Apply to young
perennial grasses. Repeat applications will be required for the control of
perennial grasses. Add 2 pt/acre of a non-phytotoxic crop oil concentrate to
the spray solution. Residual period: less than one month.
|
| |
| C. |
MSMA |
2-4 lb a.i. |
1 year |
| |
(MSMA 6 Plus etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An organoarsenical (Group 17)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing trees only. Apply in 50
gallons of water per acre to insure adequate coverage. Can be applied up to
three times per year. Apply as a directed spray or in such a way as to avoid
contact with the foliage of prunes. |
| |
| ESTABLISHED ORCHARDS |
| Preemergent (before weeds germinate) |
| A. |
TRIFLURALIN |
1–2 lb a.i. |
60 |
| |
(Treflan, etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Preemergent selective herbicide for annual grasses. Apply
prebloom by ground as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate, taking
care not to injure the tree. Trifluralin must be incorporated immediately
after application to avoid loss of activity. Frequently used as a strip treatment. Suppresses bermudagrass,
johnsongrass, and dalligrass rhizomes. Only one application per year. Residual period: 2–12 months. |
| |
| B. |
ORYZALIN |
2–6 lb a.i. |
0 |
| |
(Surflan, Farmsaver Oryzalin etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–40 gal water/acre.
If rain does not occur within 21 days, sprinkle irrigate with 0.5–2 inches of
water. Most effect on annual grasses and numerous broadleaf annuals. Very
safe for sandy or sandy loam soils. Used to maintain control in strips down
the row. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds are present.
The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| C. |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
35 |
| |
(Devrinol) 50DF |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An acetamide (Group 15)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 20–60 gal water/acre.
Use only once per season. Must be incorporated within either mechanically or
with sprinkler irrigation or rainfall, within 21 days of application between
November and February, or within 24 hours the remainder of the year.
Effective on annual grasses and several annual broadleaves. Effective in maintaining weed-free
strips down the row. Needs
to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have emerged. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| D. |
NORFLURAZON |
1.97–3.93 lb a.i. |
60 |
| |
(Solicam DF) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
pyridazinone (Group 12)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Similar to oryzalin, but is effective on more annual
broadleaf and grass species. Can suppress yellow nutsedge or bermudagrass
when used year after year. Apply to soil as a directed spray from fall to
early spring under trees established for at least 2 years. If no rainfall
occurs within four weeks, incorporate with sprinkler or flood
irrigation. Existing weeds must
be removed with cultivation or a postemergent herbicide, as norflurazon has
no postemergent activity.
Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit
within Ground Water Protection Areas. Do not use in the Coachella
Valley. Apply in 20–100 gal water/acre. Residual period: 6–12 months. |
| |
| E. |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.5 – 2 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Goal 2 XL etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A diphenylether (Group 14)1
herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on dormant trees only. Apply following
harvest up to February 15 (February 1 in the Coachella Valley). Apply by
ground one time per season in 40–100 gal water/acre on firm soil. Must not be
mechanically disturbed or poor weed control will result. Effective as a
pre-and postemergent herbicide. Effective on little mallow (cheeseweed).
Useful combined with other postemergent herbicides, such as glyphosate or in
combination with preemergent herbicides, such as oryzalin, simazine, or thiazopyr. Check label for use period. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| F. |
PRONAMIDE |
| |
(Kerb) 50W |
1-4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
benzamide (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Do not apply to trees less than 1 year old. Selective herbicide for control of
winter annual and perennial grasses. Apply in Fall after fruit harvest. Apply in 40-50 gal water/acre to the
soil at the base of the trees. Pronamide must be applied before weed
emergence as it will not control emerged weeds. Rainfall or irrigation is essential after application for effective weed control. Residual period: 4-8 months. |
| |
| Postemergent (after weeds emerge) |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
1–4 lb a.i. |
17 |
| |
(Roundup Ultra Max, Touchdown etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
glycine (Group 9)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Apply with controlled droplet application or with
low-pressure, flat-fan nozzles. For annual weed control, use 1 lb a.i./acre
in 3–10 gal water. Ammonium sulfate can also be added (1 to 2% by weight or
8.5 to 17 lbs per 100 gallon of water) to the spray solution, and
significantly improves control in areas with hard water. It is important to
add the ammonium sulfate to the water prior to adding the herbicide. For
chemical mowing, consult label for exact timing and rates, depending on weed
size and species. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials.
Some perennials require the 4 lb a.i./acre rate for control. A good herbicide
for perennial weeds, but doesn't eradicate field bindweed or nutsedge. Not
effective on some broadleaf weeds at older stages of growth (little mallow
and filaree). Avoid drift onto green bark or foliage of tree or injury will
result. It is important to
monitor treated areas for escaped weeds, as glyphosate resistant weeds have
been observed in orchards where glyphosate has been used repeatedly for several years. |
| |
| B. |
PARAQUAT* |
0.625–1 lb a.i. |
28 |
| |
(Gramoxone Max) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
bipyridylium (Group 22)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Nonselective postemergent, contact herbicide used
for quick top kill of most weed species. Less effective against perennials
that will regrow (bermudagrass, dallisgrass, johnsongrass and field
bindweed). Most effective when used in late winter or early spring on small
annual grass species in combination with preemergent herbicides. Apply in
10–60 gal water/acre to young weeds. Use 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant or
1.0% v/v of a crop oil concentrate. Repeat treatment as new growth occurs.
Residual period: less than one month. A restricted use pesticide.
|
| |
| C. |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.5–2 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Goal 2 XL etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
diphenylether (Group 14)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Dormant application to young (4-leaf-stage) weeds.
Effective on little mallow (cheeseweed). Useful combined with glyphosate or
oryzalin. May be combined with other postemergent herbicides for specific
weeds. Apply following harvest up to February 15 (February 1 in the Coachella
Valley). Apply by ground one time per season in 40–100 gal water/acre on firm
soil. Must not be mechanically
disturbed or poor weed control will result. Effective as a pre-and postemergent herbicide. Residual period: 4–10 months. |
| |
| D. |
2,4–D* |
0.95-1.425 lb a.i. |
40 |
| |
(Orchard Master etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
phenoxy-carboxylic-acid (Group 4)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For use on established trees one year or older.
Effective on most broadleaf annual weeds. Provides partial control of field
bindweed. Apply as a directed spray to weeds, using low-pressure, flooding
nozzles between the tree rows. Best results are obtained when applied a few
days after an irrigation. Do not allow drift onto the trees or injury may
result. No more than two applications allowed during the growing season. Residual period: 4–6 weeks. |
| |
| E. |
FLUAZIFOP-p-BUTYL |
0.125-0.375 lb a.i. |
14 |
| |
(Fusilade DX) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An FOP (Group 1)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For control of annual and perennial grass
weeds. A crop oil concentrate at
0.5 to 1% v/v or a nonionic surfactact at 0.25 to 0.5% v/v must be added to
the spray solution. Diammonium
phosphate (10-34-0) can also be added to the spray solution, and improves
control in areas with hard water.
Add the diammonium phosphate to the water prior to adding the
herbicide and surfactant. Avoid contact of spray with foliage of trees. Apply
in 5-40 gal water, with spray pressures of 30 to 60 psi. Best results are
obtained when applied within 7 days after irrigation. Do not apply to grass
that is stressed or poor control may result. Repeat applications may be required for johnsongrass and bermudagrass. Residual period: less than 1 month. |
| |
| Herbicide combinations
|
| |
NOTE: Combinations are most often used to broaden the weed
control spectrum. At the rates recommended below, perennial weeds will not be
controlled. Other combinations can be used depending upon the weed spectrum present in the orchard. |
| A. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Roundup etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
glycine (Group 9)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...PLUS... |
| |
OXYFLUORFEN |
0.1–1 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Goal 2XL etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
diphenylether (Group 14)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: For broad-spectrum control of emerged weeds. Apply
in a minimum of 10 gal water/acre in dormant trees. Helps increase control of
cheeseweed, filaree, chickweed, and grasses. Glyphosate effectiveness is
increased with low-water volume and oxyfluorfen is more effective at the
higher volume. Avoid drift and follow directions for application period of oxyfluorfen. |
| |
| B. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5–1 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Roundup etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
glycine (Group 9)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...PLUS... |
| |
ORYZALIN |
4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Surflan etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...OR... |
| |
NAPROPAMIDE |
4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Devrinol 50DF) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION:
An acetamide (Group 15)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Combines pre- and postemergent control of most
annual weeds with residual up to 6 months. Combination choice depends on weed
spectrum and how rapid incorporation will occur. Napropamide needs irrigation
within 7 days, oryzalin within 21 days. Apply post-directed to small seedlings when cotton is at least 8 inches tall. |
| |
| C. |
ORYZALIN |
4 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Surflan etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
dinitroaniline (Group 3)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...PLUS... |
| |
OXYFLUORFEN |
2 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Goal 2XL etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
diphenylether (Group 14)1 herbicide.
|
| |
COMMENTS: Combined to give broad-spectrum control. Apply
preemergence or combined with paraquat or glyphosate if weeds have emerged. Irrigate within 21 days if rain has not occurred. |
| |
| D. |
GLYPHOSATE |
0.5 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Roundup etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
glycine (Group 9)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...PLUS... |
| |
2,4–D* |
0.5 lb a.i. |
|
| |
(Orchard Master CA etc.) |
| |
MODE OF ACTION: A
phenoxy-carboxylic-acid (Group 4)1 herbicide.
|
| |
...PLUS... |
| |
SURFACTANT |
0.5–1% |
|
| |
COMMENTS: Combined to give broad-spectrum control. Apply postemergence to young, growing weeds. Avoid drift or contact with leaves. |
| |
| |
|
Familiar commercial pesticide names are included to help
readers recognize active ingredients, and do not represent all the labeled
products that contain that chemical.
For current registrations of herbicides consult a licensed, registered, Pest Control Advisor or the pesticide label.
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