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How to Manage Pests
UC Pest Management Guidelines
Plum
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides and Miticides Used in Plums to Natural Enemies and Honey Bees
(Reviewed 5/06,
updated 5/06)
In this Guideline:
|
|
|
Common name
(trade name) |
Chemical Class 1 |
Mode of action 2 |
Selectivity 3 (affected groups) |
Predatory mites 4 |
General predators 5 |
Parasites 5 |
Honey bees 6 |
Duration of impact to natural enemies 7 |
| azadirachtin (Neemix) |
B, IGR |
26 |
broad (insects, mites) |
M |
L-M |
L-M |
III |
short |
| Bacillus thuringiensis ssp.
kurstaki |
M |
11.B2 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
none |
| bifenazate (Acramite) |
IGR |
25 |
narrow (spider mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| carbaryl (Sevin) 80S |
C |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L/H |
H |
H |
I |
long |
| carbaryl (Sevin) XLR Plus |
C |
1A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
L |
III |
long |
| chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
M |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| diazinon–foliar |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| diflubenzuron (Dimilin) |
BE |
15 |
— |
L |
H |
L |
IV |
— |
| endosulfan (Thiodan) |
OC |
2A |
broad (insects, mites) |
L |
M |
M |
II* |
short |
| esfenvalerate (Asana) |
P |
3 |
broad (insect, mites) |
H |
M |
H |
I |
moderate |
| fenbutatin oxide (Vendex) |
OT |
— |
narrow (pest mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| hexythiazox (Savey) |
CA |
10A |
narrow (mites) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
short |
| imidacloprid (Provado) |
N |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
— |
— |
H |
II |
short to moderate |
| lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior) |
P |
3 |
broad (plant bugs, beetles, caterpillars) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate |
| methidathion (Supracide) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) |
DI |
18 |
narrow (caterpillars) |
L |
L |
L |
IV |
none |
| neem oil (Trilogy) |
B |
— |
broad (soft-bodied insects) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short |
| petroleum oil |
CON |
— |
broad (exposed insects, mites) |
L |
L |
L |
III |
short to none |
| phosmet (Imidan) |
OP |
1B |
broad (insects, mites) |
H |
H |
H |
I |
moderate to long |
| pyriproxyfen (Esteem, Seize) |
IGR |
7C |
narrow (scale, beetles) |
L |
H8 |
L |
IV |
long |
| spinosad (Entrust, Success) |
M |
5 |
caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, scales, leafminers |
L |
M9 |
L/M |
III |
short |
| sulfur |
I |
— |
narrow (mites and citrus thrips) |
L/H |
L |
H |
IV |
short |
| thiamethoxam (Actara) |
N |
4A |
narrow (sucking insects) |
—10 |
— |
M |
I |
moderate |
H = high *
= The rating is the next higher rating for low label rates
M = moderate
L = low
| 1 |
Chemical class: B = botanical; BE = benzoylurea; C =
carbamate; CA = carboxamide; CH = chlorinated hydrocarbon; CON = contact
including smothering and barrier effect; DI = diacylhydrazine; I = inorganic;
M = microbial; OC = organochlorine; OP = organophosphate; OT = organotin; P = pyrethroid. |
| 2 |
Modes of action are important in preventing the development
of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action
group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action group
number more than twice per season. For example, the organophosphates have a
group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B group number should be alternated
with chemicals that have a group number other than 1B. Mode of action is
assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. |
| 3 |
Selectivity: Broad means it affects most groups of insects and mites; narrow means it affects only a few specific groups. |
| 4 |
Generally, toxicites are to western predatory mite, Galendromus
occidentalis. Where differences have been measured, these are listed as pesticide-resistant strain/native strain. |
| 5 |
Toxicities are averages of reported effects and should be
used only as a general guide. Actual toxicity of a specific chemical depends
on the species of predator or parasite, environmental conditions, and application rate. |
| 6 |
Ratings are as follows: I = Do not apply to blooming
plants; II = Apply only during late evening; III = Apply only during late
evening, night, or early morning; and IV = Apply at any time with reasonable
safety to bees. If marked with an asterisk (*),the rating is the next higher
rating for low label rates. For more information, see How to Reduce Bee
Poisoning From Pesticides, Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW518. |
| 7 |
Duration: Short means hours to days; moderate means days to 2 weeks; and long means many weeks or months. |
| 8 |
Kills lady beetles. |
| 9 |
Toxic against some natural enemies (predatory thrips, syrphid fly larva, beetles) when sprayed and shortly after (8-24 hrs.). |
| 10 |
May cause increase in spider mite populations. |
| |
Acknowledgments: This table was compiled based on research
data and experience of University of California scientists working on a variety of crops. |
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UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Plum
UC ANR Publication 3462
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