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How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

| More pests | More crops | About guidelines |

Bird cherry-oat aphid wingless adults and nymph.

Small Grains

Bird Cherry-oat Aphid

Scientific name: Rhopalosiphum padi

(Reviewed 2/07, updated 2/07)

In this Guideline:

DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST    Key to identifying aphids

Bird cherry-oat aphid is the most common aphid found on cereals. Its color ranges from orange green to olive green to dark olive green, and sometimes greenish black. It has long antennae and long tube-shaped cornicles arising from the side of the abdomen near the rear end. Wingless forms frequently have a reddish orange patch around the base of the cornicles. Bird cherry-oat aphid may be found any time after seedling emergence but is most common in February and March. The bird cherry-oat aphid is most easily confused with the corn leaf aphid but the former has a rounded, bulblike body shape while the latter appears almost rectangular.

DAMAGE

Bird cherry-oat aphid attacks all small grains including wheat, barley, oats, rye, and triticale. It may also be found on sorghum and corn. Heavy populations may cause a golden yellow streaking on the leaves; do not confuse this with the white streaks caused by Russian wheat aphid. Occasionally heavy populations cause the flag to curl up in a tight cork-screw fashion that may trap the awns, resulting in a fish-hook appearance to the head. Leaf curl caused by the bird cherry-oat aphid resembles a corkscrew, while that by the Russian wheat aphid resembles an upright soda straw.

Bird cherry-oat aphid is a vector of BARLEY YELLOW DWARF virus.

MANAGEMENT

Biological Control
Bird cherry-oat aphid populations are usually kept under control by a combination of predators and parasites (see APHIDS - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS). Before considering chemical controls, evaluate the activity and control potential of these natural enemies.

Cultural Control
Bird cherry-oat aphid can build up on volunteer cereals; destroy these plants before newly planted crops emerge to help reduce aphid numbers.

Management Decisions
Economic thresholds for bird cherry-oat aphid are not well established. Do not consider treatment until the number of aphids exceeds 50-60 per tiller. Chemical controls should then be applied only if there is no evidence of natural enemy activity or if the plants are several weeks from flowering.

Common name Amount/Acre R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+
(trade name)   (hours) (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact.
 
A. METHYL PARATHION*
  (Penncap M) 1–2 pt 5 days 15
  MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
  COMMENTS: May be used on wheat, barley, and oats. Do not graze within 15 days. This material is toxic to bees exposed to direct application. Apply late evening, night, or early morning.
 
B. DIMETHOATE 4EC 0.5–0.75 pt 48 60
  MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
  COMMENTS: For use on wheat and triticale only. Do not make more than 2 applications/year. Do not graze within 14 days. Do not graze within 14 days. Highly toxic to honey bees if bees are present at treatment time or within a day after.
 
C. MALATHION 8EC 1.25 pt 12 7
  MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
  COMMENTS: May be used on wheat, barley, oats, rye. If alfalfa is in bloom, apply during the night or early in the morning when bees are not foraging in the field.
 
D. METHOMYL*
  (Lannate SP) 0.25–0.5 lb 48 7
  MODE OF ACTION: A carbamate (Group 1A)1 insecticide.
  COMMENTS: May be used on barley, oats, rye, and wheat. Do not graze within 10 days. Do not apply more than 1.8 lb a.i./acre/crop. Highly toxic to honey bees if bees are present at treatment time or within a day after.
 
E. CHLORPYRIFOS*
  (Lorsban) 4E 0.5–1 pt 24 28
  MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide.
  COMMENTS: For use on wheat only. Do not make more than 2 applications/crop. See label for other restrictions. Highly toxic to honey bees if bees are present at treatment time or within a day after. Avoid drift and tailwater runoff into surface waters.
 
 
+  Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the R.E.I. exceeds the P.H.I.; the longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may take place.
* Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
1 Modes of action are important in preventing the development of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action is assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.

[Precautions]

PUBLICATION

[UC Peer Reviewed]

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Small Grains
UC ANR Publication 3466
Insects and Mites
C. G. Summers, Entomology, UC Davis/Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
L. D. Godfrey, Entomology, UC Davis
Acknowledgment for contributions to the insect and mite section:
D. Gonzalez, Entomology, UC Riverside

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Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California
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