How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS

Pacific and twospotted mites overwinter as reddish orange, mature females in protected places on the tree, in soil, and in trash on the ground. During warm weather in spring, overwintered females begin feeding on walnut leaves and ground cover in the orchard. During periods of active feeding twospotted mites have a dark spot on each side of the body. Pacific mites have a second pair of dark spots near the posterior end. Often, however, the spots are barely visible or may coalesce to large dark areas, making it difficult to distinguish the two species.

Colonies develop on the underside of leaves and also on the upper sides when heavy populations build up. Eggs are spherical and translucent when first laid, becoming opaque soon before hatching. Immature mites molt three times before becoming adults. The first stage mites have six legs; later stages and adults have eight legs. These mites reproduce rapidly in hot weather and may become numerous in June or July. They produce many generations a year. If temperature and food supply are favorable, a generation can be completed in 7 days.

DAMAGE

Mite feeding causes stippling and browning of leaves. Clusters of brown leaves are often the first sign of an increasing mite population. Heavy populations produce copious webbing, and their feeding causes leaves to desiccate and drop. Defoliation early in the season will greatly reduce nut yield and quality; defoliation late in the season will interfere with harvest.

MANAGEMENT

Spider mites usually are kept below damaging levels by natural enemies unless broad-spectrum pesticides are used. Use selective materials when treating other pests and monitor carefully for mites and mite damage.

Biological Control
The most dependable mite predator of spider mites is the western predatory mite, Galendromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis. Under optimal conditions, this predatory mite can produce a generation in 7 days. Because walnut orchards often lack an alternate food source such as European red mites early in the season, the western predatory mite sometimes may be late in building to numbers sufficient to control webspinning mites, which become abundant later in the season.

Sixspotted thrips can be very effective in reducing high populations of webspinning mites. Thrips, however, usually do not move into orchards until mite populations are high. Both the adults and the small, yellowish larvae prey on mites.

The spider mite destroyer, Stethorus picipes, is a small lady beetle that feeds on mites. The larvae are small, dull black and have a velvety appearance. The spider mite destroyer, like the sixspotted thrips, generally does not become numerous until spider mite populations are very heavy. But it is an active feeder and can reduce mite populations quickly when it is abundant. Minute pirate bugs also feed on spider mites.

Cultural Control
Orchard management practices can reduce mite problems. Minimize dust by oiling orchard roads and maintaining a ground cover. Well-irrigated, vigorous trees are less troubled by mite infestations. Choose selective pesticides when controlling other pests and try to avoid pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates until later in the season.

Organically Acceptable Methods
Biological and cultural controls and sprays of narrow range oil are acceptable for use in an organically certified crop.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Begin looking for spider mites in late spring. Map out areas of concern for summer monitoring.

In June or early July start sampling for spider mites once per week through August by randomly selecting 10 trees in the orchard and picking 5 leaflets from low branches and 5 leaflets from high branches in each tree.

• Look for the presence of webspinning spider mites, predator mites, and sixspotted thrips and record your observations separately for low and high branch leaves (example form—132 KB, PDF). If predaceous mites are present on at least half of the leaflets that have mites, then there is a good probability that natural enemies will suppress the population unless broad-spectrum sprays are used for codling moth management. Monitor again in one week.
• If predaceous mites are not present on at least half the leaflets that have mites, monitor again in 3 to 4 (3 days if weather is hot) days to determine of the webspinning mite population is increasing or declining. If mites do not build up in walnuts by mid-August, then a treatment may not be warranted.

Treatment thresholds. Take into consideration populations of predators and whether or not you plan to apply an organophosphate or pyrethroid treatment against other pests later in the season, before you make a treatment decision.

For orchards where NO organophosphate or pyrethroid applications are used:

• Predators present on fewer than 10% of mite-infested leaves: spray if 30 to 40% of leaves are mite infested.
• Predators present on 20 to 50% infested leaves: spray if 40 to 50% of leaflets are mite infested.
• Predators present on more than 50% mite-infested leaves: don't treat.

For orchards where organophosphate or pyrethroid applications are used: (If these materials are used, a tank-mix with a miticide may be warranted in warmer, dry areas on light soils.)

• Predators present on fewer than 10% of mite-infested leaves: spray when 10% of leaves have spider mites.
• Predators present on more than 10% of mite-infested leaves: spray when 20% of leaves have spider mites.

IMPORTANT LINKS

• Mite monitoring form (132 KB, PDF)
• Photos of natural enemies of mites
• Photos of pest mites and their damage

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Walnut
UC ANR Publication 3471
Insects and Mites
C. Pickel, UC IPM Program/UC Cooperative Extension, Sutter/Yuba counties
J. A. Grant, UC Cooperative Extension, San Joaquin County
W. J. Bentley, UC IPM Program/Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier
J. K. Hasey, UC Cooperative Extension, Sutter/Yuba counties
W. W. Coates, UC Cooperative Extension, San Benito County
R. A. Van Steenwyk, Insect Biology, UC Berkeley
Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects and Mites:
W. H. Olson, UC Cooperative Extension, Butte County
L. C. Hendricks, UC Cooperative Extension, Merced County
G. S. Sibbett, UC Cooperative Extension, Tulare County

Top of page

PDF: You need a PDF reader, such as Acrobat Reader version 8 or later, to view or print this PDF. If no reader is installed on your computer, you can download a free copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader.