How to Manage Pests

UC Pest Management Guidelines

HOW TO MONITOR

Look for conditions that favor pathogen infection and disease development, such as inadequate cultural practices and mechanical injury to plants. Especially look for, and remedy, inappropriate irrigation.

Look for signs and symptoms of disease, and record the date and location of problem trees or sites.

• Signs (visible pathogen structures) include Armillaria mushrooms, Ganoderma fruiting bodies, and white fungal mycelium growing beneath bark.
• Symptoms of diseased plants include:
  • Leaves that are downward-hanging, necrotic-tipped, pale or yellow, or wilted.
  • Premature leaf drop or a sparse canopy of drooping older leaves.
  • New shoots of small pale leaves.
  • Abundant small fruit.
  • Fruit that are blotched, discolored, spotted, streaked, or rotted.
  • Cankered, cracked, discolored, or oozing bark.
  • Black, brittle, or dead roots and relatively few small roots (rootlets).

INSPECTING TREES

If a tree looks unhealthy, examine as many of plant parts as possible.

• Brush away mulch to examine the appearance of small roots.
• Remove soil from around the root crown and cut beneath unhealthy looking bark to expose cankers or small patches of white fungal mycelium.
• Look for discolored or oozing bark on main limbs and trunks and examine beneath damaged bark to discern cankers.
• Use appropriate tools, such as a chisel or knife, to cut away bark and view deeper cankers. Keep monitoring tools, including a chisel, hatchet, hand lens, pocket-knife, and shovel, close at hand.

DIAGNOSING THE CAUSE

Inspect several nearby trees, which may show earlier, more characteristic or subtle symptoms. Patterns in symptoms among trees can provide clues to the cause. Do not rely on a single symptom. Compare your observations to photos of common trunk and root diseases. If cankers are present, distinguish among the causes of cankers, which include:

• Abiotic disorders
• Various pathogens
• Certain vertebrates

Send samples to a diagnostic laboratory or consult an expert to help diagnose the cause. Keep records of testing results.

RECORDING THE LOCATION OF DISEASED TREES

Record the date and location of problem trees or sites.

• Mark problem spots on a map of the grove or using a hand-held GPS (global positioning system).
• Use florescent spray paint and colored plastic flagging to mark trees.
• Mark maps and trees or both with symbols or color codes keyed to symptoms or the suspected or confirmed cause of disease.
• Repeat monitoring at intervals to document the progression or seasonality of symptoms and to assess whether management practices are effective.

MANAGING DISEASE

Improve growing conditions, use good sanitation, and provide appropriate cultural care as the primary means of managing:

• Armillaria root rot
• Avocado black streak
• Avocado root rot
• Bacterial canker
• Dothiorella canker
• Phytophthora canker and collar rot (Citricola canker)
• Sunblotch

IMPORTANT LINKS

• Irrigation management
• Photos of disease signs and symptoms
• Photos of common trunk and root diseases
• Photos of cankers

PUBLICATION

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Avocado
UC ANR Publication 3436
General Information
B. A. Faber, UC Cooperative Extension, Santa Barbara/Ventura counties
A. Eskalen, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
G. S. Bender, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego County
Acknowledgment for contributions to Diseases:
H. D. Ohr (emeritus), Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
J. A. Menge, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
L. J. Marais, Plant Pathology, UC Davis
R. Hofshi, Hofshi Foundation, Fallbrook, CA
J. S. Semancik, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside
J. A. Downer, UC Cooperative Extension, Ventura County
U. C. Kodira, Plant Pathology, UC Davis

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